A/B Testing with different set of variants to avoid Anchoring Bias results. C) assuming cause and effect where none exists. This bias occurs when the researcher decides which type individuals or the number of individuals to participate in the study. Response bias is a type of bias which influences a person's response away from facts and reality. A survey is a very good example of such a study, and is certainly prone to response biases. This bias is usually seen in predictive standardized testing taken during the high school and college years. Gathering samples from volunteers may not be sufficient as it does not prevent self-selection bias. If you let the subjects of your analyses select themselves, that means that less proactive people will be excluded. In a 2007 article for American Psychologist, Sue and six other researchers identified three categories of racial microaggressions:. Patricia Rosser did a study in the early ’90s regarding the SATs and women. In recent years, the theory that implicit bias in health care may directly lead to health care disparities has been well documented in the literature and has received national attention, including highlights in Healthy People 2000 and Healthy People 2010. Jensen's 1980 term situational bias refers to “influences in the test situation, but independent of the test itself, that may bias test scores” (p. 377). And I know there was item bias, because the test uses colloquial phrases, such as 'bury the hatchet,' within the items. A microassault is a “verbal or nonverbal attack meant to hurt the intended victim through name-calling, avoidant behavior, or purposeful discriminatory actions.” Example: Students wear Confederate flag clothing. These influences may include, among others, characteristics of the test setting, the instructions, and the examiners themselves. Because the selection of participants isn’t random, as the result, the validity of the studies may be undermined. In discussing test fairness, statistical bias may refer to construct under-representation or construct-irrelevant components of test scores that differentially affect the performance of different groups of test takers. Self-selection bias is a subcategory of selection bias. This bias is mostly evident in studies interested in collecting participants' self-report, mostly employing a questionnaire format. B) failing to correct for unconscious interviewer bias. Confirmation bias can be introduced when we’re designing tests. D) relying on any sample instead of surveying every student. To avoid this, researchers must remember that their overarching aim is to learn from users. Researchers may include leading questions (cough *framing effect* cough) in their procedure, or could even neglect to scrutinise information that goes against their hypothesis. A) using a sample that may not be representative of all students. There may have been method bias, due to the administration of the test. 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