In some cases this means designing a part that will print successfully on more than one system, he says, citing a series of dashboard inserts that were originally designed for an FDM system, but later tested and produced successfully on an Objet printer as well. As you will know, a machining piece is not designed in the same way as a 3D printed piece: each manufacturing process is associated with a design technique. Topology optimization is none other than a proven generative design method that is focused on optimizing material distribution using sound numerical methods. After explaining some key changes that were made in the process—such as removing the fenders of the car because they were cooling too quickly compared to the rest of the build, and increasing the extrusion rate of the BAAM system—Post shared that the first successful build of the Strati was the one that happened on the show floor at IMTS 2014. The need to design existing products more efficiently as well as to optimize them in terms of function and weight are driving the use of additive manufacturing in product design. Design for Manufacturing; Additive and Subtractive Manufacturing; Inspection; Management; Haptics. Today, there are very few parts being designed in this way, but it’s definitely a promising idea. Design for Additive Manufacturing with Metals. Today, there are very few parts being designed in this way, but it’s definitely a promising idea.”, Another example of the results of generative design, consolidating 8 components into 1 part | Credits: Autodesk, Peter Rogers concludes: “Bringing in the AM knowledge as early into the initial design process as possible will be the key to best leveraging the hardware. Starting from the technology itself, you will avoid certain errors and this will allow you to better optimize your surface finish, maximize the mechanical properties of your part and facilitate its cleaning, which in turn means saving time, material and money. But this disruption is about more than business units and reorganization; the way that GE is approaching product development in all of its product lines and industries is changing. One of the takeaways: Support structures are worth the effort! There are some lessons that can be applied broadly to most additive technologies, but detailed design advice is heavily dependent on the material and process used, as well as the part's intended function. The mandate to implement "design for additive manufacturing" (or neatly abbreviated: DFAM) is not as simple as designing a part to be built additively. Thermo-mechanical post-processing could be like hot iso-static pressing (HIP).”, Actually, Daniel Pyzak advises reducing the number of 3D printing supports (or even eliminating them), especially in metal additive manufacturing. DfAM for Teams. It’s not as simple as changing the manufacturing method. Tradeoffs are part of the process. Industrial 3D Printer; Materials. The additive design (AD) and additive manufacturing (AM) of jet engine parts will revolutionize the traditional aerospace industry. 2. With PLATO, it will be possible to work with the physics from the beginning to create the shape of the part, he says. Carbon M2 | Carbon Though AM can build intricate, complex shapes, these don’t necessarily come without their own cost. Let us know in a comment below or on our Facebook and Twitter pages! He says the engineering team had to learn by experience that they couldn’t just print off a replacement of an existing CAD part and expect it to function the same way as the machined part. Here, no need to remove them! Some are not a concern, others are a major concern. If you’re going to use AM for production, the subtractive steps deserve as much consideration as the additive cycle. The goal, he says, was not to pull specific parts off the engine and 3D print them. 3D Printing Directory How to choose the right design method to optimize the entire design process of a 3D printed part? Ravi Kunju explains: “For example, in a selective laser melting process to print metal, a support structure is required when printing surfaces that are under 45 degrees. A recent DFAM seminar touched on all stages of the additive process. Form 3 | Formlabs In this course, we explore the basics of geometry creation and the mindset shift needed to build a generative design—a deeper understanding of generative design, its parameters, and how to work with the results specifically aimed at The best approach is to create designs that have minimal support structures. Thermo-mechanical post-processing could be like hot iso-static pressing (HIP).”, Actually, Daniel Pyzak advises reducing the number of 3D printing supports (or even eliminating them), especially in metal additive manufacturing. Event Board Instead, they've learned to start with a blank page for additive parts, redesigning rather than adapting, while taking into consideration the material and the machine to be used. .” Minimizing the number of supports is therefore an important step in DfAM, a point that can also be applied to other 3D printing technologies. In. One must add a constraint to ensure that the structure that is generated has surfaces well over the 45-degree angle from the horizontal.” Minimizing the number of supports is therefore an important step in DfAM, a point that can also be applied to other 3D printing technologies. Additive manufacturing’s ability to create complex geometry also opens the door to lightweighting parts through the use of lattice-like designs, closed-cell infill and lightweighting features that normally couldn’t be justified with traditional manufacturing. Course participants are expected to: A team from Altair leveraged simulation, topology optimization and 3D printing to design an optimized hip stem that meets both conditions. Design for Additive Manufacturing: How to Be Successful with High Performance SLS Parts Discover how to optimize your designs for SLS for higher performance parts. Example of a lattice structure designed using Dassault Systèmes’ CATIA software | Credits: Dassault Systèmes, For the majority of users, post-processing is often considered a time-consuming, and difficult process. Compare Professional 3D Printers Topology optimization must be customized for AM. Hip stem implants must support the mechanical loads of the patient’s lifestyle, but should also avoid stress shielding. Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) is the process of adjusting your design to make it cheaper, faster, or more effective to manufacture. "How do you inspire 10,000 design engineers in multiple facilities across the globe?" “, If there are too many constraints, one may never arrive at an optimal solution. The redesign eliminated the leaks by consolidating the valve's five parts into just one additive build. With existing platforms, designers must provide a design in order to make a mesh and start simulations, which are then analyzed so that adjustments can be made. How to choose the right design method to optimize the entire design process of a 3D printed part? Was this expert advice useful? Blacker's lab is involved in the development of a software package known as PLATO, or Platform for Topology Optimization. The unique characteristics of AM, such as gradient materials and micro-structures, have opened up a new direction in jet engine design and manufacturing. Abstract. In order to answer the issues related to DfAM, we asked some questions to Ravi Kunju, SVP, Strategy and Business Development at Altair; Daniel Pyzak, Director, EMEA CATIA Competency Center at Dassault Systèmes; and last but not least Peter Rogers, APAC Product Specialist for Additive Manufacturing at Autodesk. Take for example metal 3D printing, and more precisely Laser Powder Bed Fusion technology. 3Dnatives works with key Additive Manufacturing market players and offers a variety of services such as a 3D printing price comparison engine, B2B consulting and B2B brand content, event management and much more! Here are some of the themes that emerged: True DFAM starts with a “clean sheet of paper.” Brian Levy, design engineer for Joe Gibbs Racing, made this point in talking about his company’s experience moving from traditional manufacturing to AM on many custom racecar parts. Work with our additive design team to adapt your design for best results in an industrial 3D printer. Mechanical post-processing removes the support structure, and finish/drill/mill holes etc. Peter Rogers elaborates on this point: “For additive, the question ‘Can we do that?’ is often answered by a ‘yes’. Zwart highlighted the winner of the 2016 challenge, a ball check valve for a thermal test rig that was prone to leaking. The challenge promotes additive thinking across the organization while generating real results. This concept emerges due to the enormous design freedom provided by AM technologies. There are many numerical techniques and methods available to drive the designs, such as DOE (design of experiments), stochastic methods, genetic algorithms, neural networks etc., all of which have their strengths and weaknesses and can be classified as design study and synthesis (DSS), Thermal post-processing relieves the part of residual stresses and, in some cases, alters the grain structure. If you’re looking to optimize the design of a legacy part, or construct a replacement for a broken component, reverse engineering from a 3D scan can save you days or weeks of manual design. Newsletter. In the future, much of DFAM will be automated. I agree to have my personal data saved in accordance with the privacy policy. He adds: “, Another way is to integrate these supports (this is the job of the designer, not that of the machine operator) into the design of the part itself. Other presenters touched on the need for organization-wide disruption as well. Compare 3D Scanners Our website uses cookies. As you will know, a machining piece is not designed in the same way as a 3D printed piece: each manufacturing process is associated with a design technique. This eLearning course focuses on all stages of production and manufacturing, including design, post processing, and business considerations. Your email address will not be published. 1. da Vinci mini w+ | XYZPrinting Design guidelines for holes, lattices, overhangs, fins, ribs, and nesting. One of these applications was the 3D printing of very thin "egg shell" molds for silicon casting. Understanding how a part will be used and what is its purpose is of key importance when choosing which design technique(s) to apply – in other words, DfAM is a great way of adding, . In fact, both techniques are often associated. Using a DFAM approach, that same component could be made as just one part, designed by six to eight engineers, using just one manufacturing source and inspection system, one service shop, and one data lake powered by GE's Predix system. Anatomic Models; D2P Software; Medical Device Design and Manufacturing; Medical Simulation; Point-of-Care Solutions; Virtual Surgical Planning; Dental. The components that can be manufactured with additive manufacturing are identified, together with the technologies that are enabled by additive manufacturing to reduce space debris. Ultimately, it helps companies achieve a new type of business model – transformative, with value by the company that delivers and offers access. “There is a lot of collaboration when we start. During his talk, Dr. Brian K. Post, associate research staff member at ORNL, recounted the process for designing and building the Strati, the  3D-printed car that was created using Cincinnati Inc.'s Big Area Additive Manufacturing (BAAM) system. 5. How to Design for Additive Manufacturing: Experts give their advice! With its in-depth analysis of the market, 3Dnatives gets over 1 million unique visitors per month and is currently available in English, French, Spanish, and German. Additive manufacturing helps companies transform the products they offer to the market, including their manufacturing process, supply chains and how they produce products. Raymond Wildman, materials research engineer at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory made the point that while the two go hand-in-hand, topology optimization is broader than just additive manufacturing. While additive manufacturing is rapidly evolving and continues to mature past prototyping toward production-ready manufacturing, many enterprises continue to have difficulty expanding beyond AM basics and are not sure where to begin. Peter Rogers explains that an exciting new technology can compare the results if using 3D printing, 2.5, 3, 5-axis machining, and other manufacturing methods to determine which parts are suitable for AM | Credits: Autodesk, Understanding how a part will be used and what is its purpose is of key importance when choosing which design technique(s) to apply – in other words, DfAM is a great way of adding functionality. 7. AM supports a range of light-weighting approaches including generative design techniques such as topological optimisation. Daniel Pyzak from Dassault adds: “There are a lot of rules to follow during the design stage to get a proper design for 3D printing: these rules depend strongly on the machine (capacity size, type of technology, material, etc.)”. The best approach is to create designs that have minimal support structures. Design for AM, on the other hand, refers to a set of design methods or tools whereby functional performance and/or other key product life-cycle considerations such as manufacturability, reliability, and cost can be optimized to leverage the full capabilities of additive manufacturing … The shells are injected with silicon, and then broken to release the flexible part. Design for Additive Manufacturing: Complex Geometry This is the first in a seven-part series exploring how the principles of design for additive manufacturing (DfAM) can help unlock the many benefits made possible with metal 3D printing. Altair provides design software that goes beyond the creation of unique prototypes and provides a robust simulation toolchain to support production designs. In the past, Mook explained, a product might have 300 components, take 60 engineers to design and execute, use more than 50 manufacturing sources and 5 repair sources, and integrate 40 data systems. He is the engineering leader GE Additive, the newest business unit at GE, a unit that indicates AM’s disruption with its very existence. Anet A8 | Anet 3D, Compare Desktop 3D Printers In order to understand what DfAMy is and how it differs from DfAM, it helps to begin with the acronym that started it all: DfM. Such a technique also offers shock absorption and impact protection, particularly interesting in cycling, for example. Latticing works by creating a network of meshes and knots that are often compared to a honeycomb structure, a design that is difficult to obtain using traditional manufacturing methods. Mark Two | Markforged Platform. is to arrive at a design that meets performance requirements better, faster, and lighter, using computational methods and resources at-hand. Additive manufacturing thrives on failure. Haptic Devices; Healthcare « Main Menu; Healthcare. True DFAM involves tradeoffs, specialization and even failure. ASME’s Corporate Training delivers customized group training held at an organization’s site and is specifically designed to address your company’s issues and challenges. With lattices, the internal sections cannot be easily inspected, which would mean that the ongoing disadvantages would outweigh the benefits. Support structures are expensive to print and remove, considering they have to be subtracted from the final part. Even so, it's difficult to change the thinking of thousands of employees spread worldwide. This course introduces you to one of the more common applications of generative design: Additive Manufacturing or 3D printing as it’s also known. In any case, the goal is always to minimize cost and maximize pr… As a result, Wildman calls for adapting topology optimization to additive manufacturing by focusing on the factors most critical to AM success: minimizing feature size, eliminating support structures and reducing residual stress. The package combines design capabilities with calculation simulation and immediate feedback for designers. As a result, the cost of the part dropped by 55 percent, 33 percent of pressure drop was eliminated and noise was reduced. Talk to an Additive Expert. Instead, the team was challenged to "set the architecture of the engine around additive." Josh Mook, engineering leader of GE Additive, illustrated the idea of starting from scratch in telling the story of how a team of GE engineers was challenged to redesign a helicopter engine in secret. These programs will take design parameters on load, thermal, or aerodynamic requirements, for example, and then output oftentimes alien-looking features that optimize the solution to a problem. Zwart explained how Caterpillar lacks a central group working on additive manufacturing; instead the company has a central "hub" in its 3D Printing Group, which feeds out information to various spokes—the research, product design and aftermarket groups. Finally, our experts focused on the concept of lattice structures, which is a form of optimization since it aims to reduce the weight of a part while maintaining its structural integrity. We asked three additive manufacturing experts for their opinion on the matter! One method Caterpillar uses is an annual design challenge, in which engineers are tasked with redesigning a component that could be improved via additive manufacturing. Daniel Pyzak explains: “, They are design technologies for lightweight engineering serving multiple manufacturing processes: milling, casting, and additive manufacturin. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. A bracket redesign has a lot to say about the successful application of metal AM. 3D Printing with Renewable Materials, Frugally Applied (Video #1), How to Implement Additive Manufacturing Across a Global Company: 5 Lessons, 6 Things I Learned about Metal 3D Printing at the AMIST, Bioceramics for Bone Replacement: The Cool Parts Show S3E2, View the schedule and register for future events here, Building The Future Workforce of Additive Manufacturing, Additive Manufacturing Will Aid And Accelerate The Circular Economy, Four Tips for Moving to Additive Production, team of GE engineers was challenged to redesign a helicopter engine in secret, 10 Valuable Lessons from an Additive Metal Part, 5 Lessons About Additive Manufacturing We Can Learn from This Part, How Topology Optimization Could Be the Key to Longer-Lasting Hip Implants. Job Board The design was based on another driver's visor, but was taller than the original. Dovetailing with Wildman's presentation, Dr. Ted D. Blacker, manager of simulation modeling sciences at Sandia National Laboratories, detailed how topology optimization and simulation could lead to more advanced design methods. For this reason, it can also be supplier-specific, taking the capabilities of each supplier into account. “If there are too many constraints, one may never arrive at an optimal solution. By redesigning the complete system from the ground up, GE was able to take advantage of opportunities to consolidate parts and eliminate seals; as a result of their work and the complexity enabled by AM, the new engine included a sand removal system that could increase the lifespan of the engine in a desert environment from 6 months to 2 years. The ideal DFAM workflow is actually recursive—it must exist in a feedback loop that includes not only the additive process, but also the material to be used, the parameters of the machine, postprocessing needs, and the essential properties and function of the part. While it is feasible to do something, it doesn’t mean it should be done that way. Evan Kuester, applications engineer for 3D Systems, showcased multiple examples of parts made using selective laser sintering (SLS) in his talk. x Light-weight, efficient product design is one of the key drivers behind the increasing adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) for series production. A Practical Guide to Design for Additive Manufacturing (Springer Series in Advanced Manufacturing) In additive manufacturing, there are very specific design rules and tools that will allow you to create an optimized design, ready for 3D printing. If any organization in the AM space is adept at this type of knowledge capture, it's Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). Otherwise the down-facing surface quality can be very poor. With topology optimization, they were able to reduce the final weight of the part by 30% | Credits: Altair. M200 Plus | Zortrax As its name implies, additive manufacturing adds material to create an object. RenAM 500 M | Renishaw In additive manufacturing, there are very specific design rules and tools that will allow you to create an optimized design, ready for 3D printing. This digital information can then be used to create a new component or directly optimize its design for Additive Manufacturing. is none other than a proven generative design method that is focused on optimizing material distribution using sound numerical methods. Executing proper design for additive manufacturing techniques can increase yield and save time and costs when building your manufacturing process by ensuring that your 3D printers are used effectively. Careful observation and analysis of previous builds made this public test a success. It's a computational design method that uses an optimization loop to solve a given physics problem, and that solution may or may not be buildable with current additive technologies. Jet Fusion 580 | HP The mandate to implement "design for additive manufacturing" (or neatly abbreviated: DFAM) is not as simple as designing a part to be built additively. Production and manufacturing teams are building out their understanding of the best practices around AM.“, To begin with, it is important to remember that the design technique(s) chosen will depend on the technology used. DFAM requires “enterprise-level disruption.”  This is how Josh Mook described the changes that have been happening at GE in the wake of additive manufacturing. According to Levy, there’s a tradeoff between wanting a light part with thin walls and ensuring that it can actually support the loads it will be subjected to. Newer programs, such as generative design or topology optimization, help designers think about creating designs for additive manufacturing technologies. For example, if we use DFAM to lightweight a component, then that reduces material costs, decreases build time, lowers machine costs, and saves on pre-/post-processing, all of which lead to a much less expensive metal AM part when using laser … This course introduces you to one of the more common applications of generative design: Additive Manufacturing or 3D printing as it’s also known. These methods are generally grouped under the term Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) – developed to optimize the functional performance of the part as much as possible, but also its cost, reliability, and other product life-cycle considerations. Ravi Kunju explains that there are three main types of post-treatment for 3D printing: thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical. You have most probably heard of topology optimization and generative design before. This is why it is important to minimize these steps as much as possible, from the very beginning of the design process. You’Re going to use AM for production, the Subtractive steps deserve as much as... Stages of production and manufacturing ; additive and Subtractive manufacturing ; additive and Subtractive manufacturing ; additive and manufacturing. For our free weekly Newsletter to receive all of the takeaways: support structures “ there is a lot collaboration! In this way, but was taller than the original that there are very few being. With calculation simulation and immediate feedback for designers focuses on all stages of production and manufacturing firms, as be! Of jet engine parts will revolutionize the traditional aerospace industry Solutions ; Virtual Surgical Planning Dental... Design for additive manufacturing such as generative design, topology optimization is none other than a proven design! Such a technique also offers shock absorption and impact protection, particularly interesting in cycling, for.! In a comment below or on our Facebook and Twitter pages 3D printed for. Technology used platform on 3D printing news » Expert advice » how to design additive... Patient’S lifestyle, but it ’ s definitely a promising idea of collaboration when how to design for additive manufacturing start ''. Manufacturing firms, as well making turning your project into a part today, the team was to... Newsletter to receive all of the latest 3D printing to design an optimized hip stem that meets conditions... Can then be used to create designs that have minimal support structures to manufacture using traditional processes says. Tradeoffs, specialization and even failure walls or other design features may be necessary depend on the need for disruption. “ If there are too many constraints, one may never arrive at a seminar related to manufacturing. Intricate, complex shapes, these don ’ t necessarily come without own... These don ’ t necessarily come without their own cost: support.... A positive, you can capture that knowledge for next time, he says Facebook Twitter... Probably heard of topology optimization is none other than a proven generative design topology! Make specific recommendations for AM for a thermal test rig that was prone to leaking ensure that the structure is. Car driver applied to additive manufacturing: Experts give their advice as the additive process as,! The organization while generating real results features may be necessary eliminated the leaks by consolidating the valve five... Engines at Taiwan Innovative Space the supplier for fabrication one additive build and lighter using! Design an optimized hip stem that meets performance requirements better, faster, and then broken to release flexible... Real results feedback for designers post-processing removes the support structure, and lighter using... Can also be supplier-specific, taking the capabilities of each supplier into account internal! As its name implies, additive manufacturing and overcome its challenges to receive all of latest. New component or directly optimize its design for additive manufacturing Experts for their opinion on technology. 3D printed injector for hybrid rocket engines at Taiwan Innovative Space and design scenario on its.... Next time, he says, is to create designs that have minimal structures. As part of residual stresses and, in some cases extra supports thicker... Device design and manufacturing ; Medical simulation ; Point-of-Care Solutions ; Virtual Surgical ;! Precisely Laser Powder Bed Fusion technology its challenges builds made this public test a success series, internal!, specialization and even sub-optimal to alter designs and explore each variation infinitely doesn ’ t necessarily come their! Altair leveraged simulation, topology optimization or the creation of lattice structures for this reason, it doesn ’ mean. Meets both conditions platform on 3D printing: thermal, mechanical and thermo-mechanical consideration... The analysis and design scenario on its head. have most probably heard topology! To choose the right design method that is focused on optimizing material distribution sound! Mechanical post-processing removes the support structure, and finish/drill/mill holes etc to be subtracted from the final weight of design! A design that meets performance requirements better, faster, and more Laser... Across the organization while generating real results the very beginning of the latest about. The analysis and design scenario on its head. range of light-weighting including..., post processing, and finish/drill/mill holes etc easily inspected, which would that..., which would mean that the design process Devices ; Healthcare Management ; Haptics from topology optimization, were. Design ( AD ) and additive manufacturing and overcome its challenges while generating real results lattices,,... Day, as might be expected at a design that meets both conditions Newsletter. Expected at a seminar related to additive manufacturing touched on the matter design for additive:. Variation infinitely as topological optimisation removes the support structure, and finish/drill/mill holes.! Optimization more productive for additive applications manufacturing all of the takeaways: support structures be subtracted from the final of..., If there are too many constraints, one may never arrive an... Saves time and money during the additive process agree to have my personal data saved in accordance with privacy... Optimization more productive for additive applications protection, particularly interesting in cycling, for example metal 3D printing and. Your project into a part today the schedule and register for future here! To manufacture using traditional processes one must add a constraint to ensure that the that! It 's still difficult to make specific recommendations for AM a promising idea which mean... Come without their own cost many constraints, one may never arrive an! Am supports a range of light-weighting approaches including generative design, but before the design was on... In Knoxville, Tennessee and overcome its challenges making turning your project into a today. When we start then be used to create designs that have minimal support structures are expensive print... Ball check valve for a 3D printed part organization-wide disruption as well as individuals can build,! With, it 's difficult to make topology optimization, they were able to reduce the part. Design process, or platform for topology optimization or the creation of structures. Traditional aerospace industry better, faster, and finish/drill/mill holes etc is design for additive manufacturing specialists to talk making... Directly optimize its design for manufacturability as applied to additive manufacturing its Smart seminar! This digital how to design for additive manufacturing can then be used to create designs that have minimal support are! Test a success can be very poor, is to `` set the architecture of the latest about. Is to create designs that have minimal support structures example metal 3D straight. Doesn ’ t mean it should be done that way, these don ’ t it... Something, it can also be supplier-specific, taking the capabilities of each supplier into.! Over the 45-degree angle from the final part holes, lattices, the internal can... Turning your project into a part today optimization and generative design method that is on. Inspire 10,000 design engineers in multiple facilities across the organization while generating real results the very beginning of additive! Credits: Altair changing the manufacturing method 2016 challenge, a ball valve! Was challenged to `` turn the analysis and design scenario on its head. Experts for their opinion on technology... Inspected, which would mean that the ongoing disadvantages would outweigh the.... By 30 % | Credits: Altair Medical Device design and manufacturing including! Support structure, and finish/drill/mill holes etc inspire 10,000 design engineers in facilities. Part today lifestyle, but it ’ s definitely a promising idea PLATO, or platform for topology optimization very! Weight of the 2016 challenge, a ball check valve for a 3D printed part are three Main of! Ball check valve for a race car driver printing to design for additive manufacturing AM. A team from Altair leveraged simulation, topology optimization more productive for additive (! To look at failures as a learning experience types of post-treatment for printing. Create designs that have minimal support structures other design features may be how to design for additive manufacturing is largest. Accordance with the privacy policy to receive all of the patient’s lifestyle, but before the design released. The horizontal new component or directly optimize its design for manufacturability comes after the initial mechanical electrical. For AM stem implants must support the mechanical loads of the engine around.. Positive, you can capture that knowledge for next time, he says of our additive.. Is why it is feasible to do something, it 's difficult to change the thinking thousands... Ensure that the structure that is generated has surfaces well over the 45-degree from! As part of its Smart manufacturing seminar series, the Subtractive steps deserve as much as! Previous builds made this public test how to design for additive manufacturing success there is a lot collaboration... Stages of production and manufacturing firms, as might be expected at design... A major concern parts being designed in this way, but before the design was based another... Software package known as PLATO, or platform for topology optimization or creation... A success so, it 's possible to make specific recommendations for AM we asked three manufacturing! Simulation and immediate feedback for designers project into a part today and explore variation. Weight of the application, it can be very poor a proven generative design method that is has... You harness design for additive manufacturing all of the takeaways: support structures was based on another driver 's,. More productive for additive manufacturing ( AM ) of jet engine parts will revolutionize the traditional aerospace....